為應對人類社會面臨的共同挑戰(zhàn)，提升人民生活水平，聯(lián)合國于2015年制定了可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標，呼吁全球一致行動，為促進經(jīng)濟繁榮發(fā)展、增進社會福祉和保護環(huán)境付出不懈努力。然而，由于許多發(fā)展中國家行動不足，官方發(fā)展援助下降，以及私人部門資本流動中斷，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的步伐不盡如人意。

百年不遇的新冠疫情，使各國在人民生命健康、經(jīng)濟增長與社會發(fā)展上付出慘重代價，全球離可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標的差距拉大。各國疫情防控水平與疫苗分配不均衡，經(jīng)濟復蘇不平衡，帶來國家分化、不平等擴大和阻礙包容性增長的巨大風險。同時，還有可能加大地緣政治緊張局勢，使全球治理變得更為復雜，進一步削弱世界抵御未來沖擊的能力。如何重振全球經(jīng)濟，縮小日益增大的發(fā)展差距，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標？世界期待找到面向未來可持續(xù)增長的新范式，而不是重回老路。

新冠疫情暴露了亞洲經(jīng)濟體醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和關鍵基礎設施的不足，凸顯了數(shù)字化轉型的重要性和及早應對氣候與環(huán)境問題的迫切性。報告通過分析中國、印度、印度尼西亞、日本、哈薩克斯坦、韓國、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、卡特爾、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、泰國、越南等若干有區(qū)域代表性的亞洲國家發(fā)展表現(xiàn)，認為衛(wèi)生健康、基礎設施、綠色轉型和數(shù)字鴻溝是制約當前亞洲經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)復蘇的重要瓶頸。在各國財力和資源都十分有限的情況下，政府需要有重點地行動，解決好衛(wèi)生健康、基礎設施、綠色和數(shù)字四大發(fā)展赤字并有效連動，有力釋放發(fā)展?jié)摿?，推動實現(xiàn)多個可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標。

在衛(wèi)生健康赤字方面，由于政府財政能力不足或規(guī)劃不合理，許多亞洲經(jīng)濟體面臨醫(yī)療資源短缺，對傳染病準備不足的困境。當前，在亞洲這樣一個人口眾多的大陸上迅速分發(fā)和接種疫苗的任務艱巨。應提升衛(wèi)生服務體系的可及性、公平性和反應性；加大衛(wèi)生健康基礎設施投入；考慮建立應對重大疫情或突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件的儲備；發(fā)展健康產(chǎn)業(yè)，抓住數(shù)字衛(wèi)生和數(shù)字健康領域的機遇；加強各國衛(wèi)生健康的微觀治理。

在基礎設施赤字方面，需要加強硬件與軟件基礎設施的韌性，更好地支撐區(qū)域內經(jīng)濟活動和供應鏈穩(wěn)定。有計劃地建設更多能夠抵御災害和氣候變化的基礎設施，加大數(shù)字基礎設施投入。加強跨境基礎設施互聯(lián)互通，支持新型基礎設施建設。營造更公平、公正、非歧視的市場環(huán)境，落實好包括去年底簽署的區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟伙伴關系協(xié)定（RCEP）在內的自由貿易協(xié)定，進一步利用好電子商務與自動化等新興技術和業(yè)態(tài)。

在綠色赤字方面，隨著經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展，亞洲國家的二氧化碳排放快速上升，許多國家面臨著嚴重的環(huán)境和氣候風險，以及適應和緩解氣候變化壓力的挑戰(zhàn)。中、日、韓等亞洲國家領導人在2020年做出碳中和的目標承諾，受到國際社會廣泛贊譽。在產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型、技術進步和融資改革等方面，政府需要拿出切實可行的行動路線圖。政府應激勵社會不同部門朝著綠色發(fā)展方向前進，把激勵架構分解到地方政府層面并加以落實。創(chuàng)造更多綠色就業(yè)崗位。制定更有雄心的國家自主減排貢獻目標。進一步加強氣候領域的技術研究與創(chuàng)新。

在數(shù)字赤字方面，亞洲經(jīng)濟體間的數(shù)字不平等切實存在，頂尖的數(shù)字技術企業(yè)在地理上高度集中，如何縮小亞洲各經(jīng)濟體之間的數(shù)字鴻溝，是目前亞洲面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一。抓住疫情機遇促進數(shù)字經(jīng)濟加速發(fā)展。數(shù)字技術的應用仍有很大提升空間；推動社會管理和城市建設向數(shù)字化、智能化方向發(fā)展；推動數(shù)字普惠金融發(fā)展；促進數(shù)字經(jīng)濟主體公平競爭。

根據(jù)企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，半數(shù)企業(yè)管理者對于全球經(jīng)濟恢復前景持中立態(tài)度，但60%的管理者對亞洲經(jīng)濟表示樂觀。大多數(shù)企業(yè)家認為，迅速采取疫苗接種行動并逐步放松封鎖措施、緩解貿易摩擦、穩(wěn)定全球價值鏈和技術創(chuàng)新是全球經(jīng)濟復蘇的主要動力；在亞洲，除了疫情防控措施以外，區(qū)域貿易一體化和（通過“一帶一路”、“連接歐亞”等倡議）加強跨境基礎設施建設互聯(lián)互通是排名前三的復蘇主要動力。博鰲亞洲論壇會員和合作伙伴一直在為實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標做出貢獻，特別是向新能源、新基建、新零售和低排碳產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型?，F(xiàn)代汽車、默克和京東科技等案例研究，展示了企業(yè)如何通過醫(yī)療保障支持、綠色轉型和技術創(chuàng)新等方式，把自身業(yè)務與可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標有機結合。

為促進可持續(xù)復蘇，企業(yè)需有更意識地行動，這既是全球公民的社會責任，更是企業(yè)自身可持續(xù)發(fā)展的保障，對企業(yè)的中長期業(yè)務戰(zhàn)略至關重要。企業(yè)應把握好自身產(chǎn)業(yè)所面臨的機遇和風險，及時向可持續(xù)發(fā)展需要的新經(jīng)濟領域轉型。把創(chuàng)新研發(fā)作為企業(yè)發(fā)展第一生產(chǎn)力，推動信息化、數(shù)字化、智能化和低碳技術創(chuàng)新應用；把握好衛(wèi)生健康、綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)商機，吸引ESG投資；應對氣候變化帶來的物理風險和資金風險，朝著綠色的全球價值鏈邁進；加強員工傳染病防治、數(shù)字技能和綠色生活方式培訓，建立更為靈活的現(xiàn)場辦公與遠程辦公的安排，創(chuàng)造更多的靈活用工機會。

為實現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國秘書長古特雷斯提出的“重建更美未來”，國際社會需要堅持多邊主義，攜手合作應對新冠疫情的負面沖擊，縮小四大發(fā)展赤字，解決好全球“治理赤字”。全球應加快疫苗接種，公平分配疫苗，建立防疫健康信息互認機制，為經(jīng)濟加快復蘇打下堅實基礎；推動落實《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》及其《巴黎協(xié)定》，實現(xiàn)2030年應對氣候變化國家自主貢獻目標；促進包括共建“一帶一路”倡議在內的區(qū)域和國際發(fā)展議程有效對接、協(xié)同增效；推進各類自由貿易協(xié)定的有效落實和標準提升；鼓勵科技創(chuàng)新合作，激發(fā)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟發(fā)展活力；發(fā)揮好全球治理平臺與國際機構的重要作用。

面對疫情，亞洲各國為強化衛(wèi)生健康體系，穩(wěn)定全球供應鏈，引領貿易和投資復蘇付出了無法想象的巨大努力。東盟加中日韓、上合組織、海合會等區(qū)域合作平臺，以及亞行、亞投行等國際機構，提出了很多區(qū)域性倡議，為抗擊疫情、加強互聯(lián)互通、促進綠色轉型和打造數(shù)字經(jīng)濟提供了資金和技術支持。亞洲將成為全球可持續(xù)復蘇的重要引擎，與其他國家和地區(qū)攜手戰(zhàn)勝疫情，解決發(fā)展赤字，促進經(jīng)濟融合；加大與其他地區(qū)發(fā)展中國家合作，加強經(jīng)驗分享，共促能力建設；積極參與國際規(guī)則與秩序重塑，推動構建人類命運共同體。

Executive Summary of the 2021 Annual Report of

Sustainable Development: Asia and the World

To address common challenges facing mankind and improve the lives of people on the planet, the UN set out Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, calling for relentless and concerted efforts around the globe to promote prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment. Nevertheless, the pace has been far from satisfying globally, owing to insufficient national actions, the decline in official assistance and disruption to the private flows in many developing countries.

The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has taken a myriad toll on people's lives and health, the world economy, and social stability, which has further widened the UN SDG gap. The uneven containment of the pandemic, rolling out of the vaccines, and unbalanced recovery of the economy posed great risks of dividing nations, enlarging inequality, and hampering inclusive growth. It may also trigger more geopolitical tensions and make global governance more complicated, further weakening the world's resilience to future shocks. How to reboot the world economy and fill the widening gap to achieve the SDG goals? The world is looking to a new norm and pattern of sustainable growth, rather than going back into the old days.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has exposed the weaknesses in healthcare system and deficiency in key infrastructures, and underscored the importance of digital transformation and urgency of tackling climate change and environmental challenges. Through analysis of development situation in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and other selected countries in Asia, this report finds out that healthcare, infrastructure, green transformation, and digital deficits are bottlenecking sustainable recovery in Asia. With limited fiscal and other resources, priorities shall be given by government on narrowing these four deficits with synergized efforts, thus releasing growth potential and helping realize multiple sustainable development goals.

On healthcare deficit: Due to the lack of financial capacity or proper scheme, shortage of medical resources is a huge obstacle for many Asian economies, and to distribute vaccines with speed in such a populous continent is a daunting task. We should improve the access, fairness, and responsiveness of the health care system, invest more in public health infrastructures, strengthen the reserve dealing with public health emergencies, develop the health industry with opportunities for digital health, and improve micro-level governance.

On infrastructure deficit: Hard and soft infrastructure need to be more resilient to bolster economic activities and supply chains within the region. Develop more infrastructures targeting dealing with environmental risks and climate change, enhance investment in digital infrastructures. Further cross-border infrastructure connectivity and support innovative constructions. Build an equitable, fair, non-discriminative market environment, firmly implement free trade arrangement including the newly signed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, seize the advantages of new technologies and business models like e-commerce and automation.

On green deficit: With the rapid economic development, carbon dioxide emissions of Asian countries are growing. Many of them are facing severe environmental and climatic risks, along with challenges of adaptation and mitigation. Announcements made by leaders of China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and other Asian economies on carbon neutrality in 2020 are most welcome. Concrete blueprints are needed in industry transformation, technology advancement, and finance adaptation and mitigation. Governments should set proper incentive mechanisms to direct green transformation for various sectors, and decompose the mechanisms into local government level. Create more job opportunities related to the green economy, set out more ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions, and further support research and innovation regarding climate change.

On digital deficit: Digital inequality exists across the Asian economies, with the top digital companies highly concentrated geographically. How to narrow down the digital gap among Asian economies is one of the biggest challenges faced by Asia. Governments may accelerate digital transformation under the physical barriers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Much space exists for improvement in digital technology applications. We need to push social governance and city construction towards intelligence and digitalization. Enhance the development of digital financial inclusion, and create a fair, competitive environment for digital economy stakeholders.

d on our enterprise survey on sustainable development, half of the business owners are neutral about the prospect of the global recovery, while 60% are optimistic about Asia. Quick move in vaccination and steady ease of lockdown measures, easing of trade friction, stabilization of global value chain, and technological innovation ranked the top 4 main driving forces for global recovery, while in those for Asia recovery, regional trade integration, reinforcing cross-border infrastructure connectivity including through BRI, Connecting Euro-Asia ranked 2 and 3, next to pandemic containment. BFA members and partners have been contributing to the course of achieving SDGs, especially in proactively transforming their business to new energy, new infrastructure, new retail, and low carbon emission sectors. The specific cases of the Hyundai Motor Group, Merck, and JD Technology, demonstrated how the enterprises are aligning their businesses with the SDGs, through healthcare support, green transformation, and technology innovation.

For sustainable recovery, businesses should act with awareness. It is not only social responsibility for global citizens, but also a precondition for their own sustainability. It is critical to their medium- and long-term strategies. Firms should seize opportunities and prevent risks in transitioning toward new economic sectors that are necessary for sustainable development. Make innovation and R&D the primary productive forces; promote the innovative applications of information, digital, smart, and low-carbon technologies. Make full use of business opportunities in healthcare and green industries, attracting ESG investment. Introduce risk prevention arrangements to address the physical and capital risks posed by climate change, moving toward a green global value chain. Strengthen employee training on infectious disease prevention, digital skills, and green lifestyles. Offer a mix of in-office and remote work to create more flexible jobs.

To achieve the goal of "build back better" put forward by UN Secretary General António Guterres, the international society needs to hold firm in multilateralism, make concerted efforts to address the negative impacts brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, narrow the four development deficits, and tackle "global governance deficit". The world should prioritize vaccination, distribute vaccines equally, and establish mutual health data recognition arrangements, laying solid foundations for economic accelerated recovery. Push the implementation of the United Nations work Convention on Climate Change and Paris Agreement, facilitating the realization of Nationally Determined Contributions. Promote the connectivity and effectiveness of regional and international agreements and initiatives, including the Belt and Road Initiative. Advance the implementation of free trade agreements, and increase their standards gradually. Encourage cooperation in technology and innovation, promoting digital economy. Global governance platforms and international organizations will have a vital role to play.

Under the pandemic, Asian countries have, by all means, reinforced their health care system, stabilized the global supply chain, and led trade and investment recovery. Many regional initiatives were brought out to fight against the pandemic, enhance transportation connectivity, facilitate green transformation and shape up digital economy by the regional cooperation platforms, such as ASEAN+3, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the GCC, and international organizations including the ADB, AIIB, etc.

Asia will be a major engine for global sustainable recovery. It is working hand in hand with other countries and regions to win the battle against the pandemic, trim development deficits, and promote economic integration. Asian countries must further strengthen their cooperation with other developing countries in experience sharing and capacity building. Asia is also going to play an active role in reshaping international rules and order, and promote construction of a community of shared future for mankind.